According to a research paper by renowned economists Thomas Piketty and Lucas Chancel, income inequality in India is at its highest level since 1922, the year the Income Tax Act was passed. In December, they will release the first ‘World Inequality Report’ where they will compare India’s inequality trajectory with other emerging, industrialised and low-income countries and suggest ways to tackle global and national inequality. In an e-mail interview, Lucas Chancel discusses the findings of the paper titled ‘Indian income inequality, 1922-2014: From British Raj to Billionaire Raj?’ Excerpts:
Can you summarise key findings of the paper?
According to our benchmark estimates, the share of national income accruing to the top 1% income earners is now at its highest level since the creation of the Indian Income Tax [Act] in 1922. The top 1% of earners captured less than 21% of total income in the late 1930s, before dropping to 6% in the early 1980s and rising to 22% today. Over the 1951-1980 period, the bottom 50% group captured 28% of total growth and incomes of this group grew faster than the average, while the top 0.1% incomes decreased. Over the 1980-2014 period, the situation was reversed; the top 0.1% of earners captured a higher share of total growth than the bottom 50% (12% versus 11%), while the top 1% received a higher share of total growth than the middle 40% (29% vs. 23%). These findings suggest that much can be done to promote more inclusive growth in India.
You have said the income inequality has been at the highest level? What are the reasons for it?
Since the 1980s, India did not only open-up and liberalise its economy, it did it in a way that was very favourable to top income earners and capital owners.
Tax progressivity, which is a powerful policy tool to contain the rise in inequality, was reduced progressively reduced. Top tax rates, which were very high in the 1970s (up to 98%), decreased to 30% in the 1980s and after. Wage inequality dispersion also increased in many sectors, as privatizations removed government-set pay scales, which were less unequal.
On the other hand, growth at the bottom of the distribution was notably lower than average growth rates since the 1980s.
Is this finding unique for India?
To better understand the rise in Indian inequality, let’s look at other emerging countries. China also liberalised and opened up after 1978, and in doing so, experienced a sharp income growth as well as a sharp rise in inequality. This rise, however, halted in the 2000s. Today, inequality is currently at lower level there than in India (top 1% income share at 14% versus 22% in India, according to our estimates).
In Russia, the move from a communist to a market economy was extremely brutal, in a few years, Russia moved from extreme equality to extreme inequality. Today Russia has similar level of inequality as in India. Interested readers can go to our open-access website, WID.world to check all this data by themsleves! We will also release at the end of the year a World Inequality Report focusing on the most recent findings in global income and wealth dynamics
Our data shows that there are different strategies to transit from a highly regulated economy to a liberalised one. In the arrays of possible pathways, India pursued a very unequal way but could probably have chosen another path.
There have been counter arguments to your thesis?
Some commentators argue that without extreme growth at the very top of the distribution, there wouldn’t have been high growth in India. There is, in fact, little evidence supporting this claim . The top 0.1% (today, this corresponds to a population equal to that of Delhi's IT suburb, Gurgaon) captured more total income growth than the poorest half of Indians since 1980. Would all income growth have disappeared if the situation had been reversed? We can also doubt this. The highest growth period in Western Europe, after the second world war, was also a period of equitable redistribution of the fruits of growth. Put it simply, Europe grew as a market economy but did not become a market society. It had institutions, rules, norms limiting the power of capital accumulation and of income concentration.
What do these findings mean for India?
There are many options and we do not claim to put an end to debates but rather to trigger them. As written above, more tax progressivity is a very handy tool to limit rising income inequality at the top. Now looking at the other end of the social ladder, government investments in transportation, health and free, quality education are indeed crucial to raise bottom 50% incomes. Land ownership concentration is also an issue in India, where agriculture remains a key sector and where land reform has been only very partial.
