The story so far: Petrol is retailing at more than ₹100 per litre across India. While rising crude oil prices have added to the burden, the primary reason behind the steep increase in pump fuel prices over the last few years is the gradually rising Central Government's excise duty component. Currently, for every litre of petrol, the Centre collects ₹27.9 as tax, whereas in 2014, that component was about ₹10.4. Such is the differential after the duty was cut by ₹5 per litre last November. While some States followed in the Centre’s footsteps with a cut in value added tax (VAT), many others did not. On Wednesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said fuel prices were too high in some non-BJP-ruled States as they did not ‘pass the benefits of the Centre’s excise duty cut’ to the public. He said States such as Maharashtra, West Bengal, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Jharkhand did not reduce VAT last November while Karnataka and Gujarat did so.
What is the Opposition saying?
Kerala Finance Minister K.N. Balagopal said the State had not raised sales tax on petrol and diesel in the past six years. “So, what is it that we should reduce,” he questioned. Similarly, Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao said his government had not increased fuel tax since 2015. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee chimed in saying, “We wanted prices of petroleum products to be reduced but the Prime Minister is asking the States to reduce the taxes. From where will we do that?”
By how much has the Central tax on fuel increased recently?
A comparison of State tax rates and Central excise duties on petrol in similar periods helps to decipher the impact of both taxes on retail prices. However, as past tax rates data are not archived by the government, and as the effective dates of State and Central taxes do not coincide, suitable dates were chosen to make the comparison viable.
Petrol Price in Chennai on April 24, 2022 was ₹110.93 per litre. | Photo Credit: KARUNAKARAN M
As of October 2018, the Central excise duty on petrol had three components: ₹2.98 per litre was charged as basic excise duty, ₹7 per litre was special additional excise duty and ₹8 per litre was labelled road infrastructure cess. Put together, the Central component amounted to ₹17.98 per litre of petrol. Cut to February 2022, the Central excise duty on petrol had four components: ₹1.40 per litre was charged as basic excise duty, ₹11 per litre was charged as special additional excise duty, ₹2.5 per litre was labelled as agriculture infrastructure and development cess and ₹13 per litre was collected for road and infrastructure cess. Put together, the Central component amounted to ₹27.9 per litre of petrol.
In the period taken for review, the Centre's tax component expanded by about ₹10 per litre of petrol.
By how much has the tax levied by States risen?
As on February 2019, Kerala charged 30.08% as sales tax along with ₹1/litre additional sales tax; plus, 1% was charged as cess. Telangana charged 35.2%. West Bengal charged 25% or ₹13.12 per litre whichever was higher, with minor additional components. None of the three States had made any increases to the rates till April, 2022.
Tamil Nadu charged 34% VAT on petrol as on February 2019. In 2022, the tax structure has changed to 13% VAT and a flat rate of ₹11.52 per litre.
In the considered period, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra (Mumbai)'s tax on petrol has risen by ₹3 per litre. Karnataka’s sales tax rate declined from 32% to 25.92%, and Gujarat’s from 17% to 13.7%. To summarise, the non-BJP-ruled States’ rate increases in the period ranged between nil and ₹3 per litre. In the BJP-ruled States, tax rates declined.
How can the impact of States’ taxes and the Centre’s excise duties on petrol be measured?
Given the varying tax rates between the Central and State governments, it is important to standardise them before comparison.
One way to do this would be to compare the Centre’s excise duty collections on crude oil and petroleum products, and States’ VAT collections on petroleum products, as a percentage of GDP. Between FY15 and FY21, the Centre’s tax collections have increased from 0.79% of GDP to 1.88% of GDP. In the same period, States’ tax collections have marginally declined from 1.1% of GDP to 1.02% of GDP.
Another measure would be to compare the Centre’s tax share in the retail price of petrol with States’ tax share. For instance, in Delhi, the Centre’s tax share currently forms 26.4% of the retail price. In May 2014 it was around 14%. The State’s tax share currently forms 16.25% of the retail price, compared with 17% in May 2014.
So, both in terms of percentage of GDP and retail prices, the States’ tax collections have remained the same or even slightly declined, whereas the Centre’s tax collections have sharply climbed.
Another crucial difference is that the Centre’s tax rate is a fixed value whereas most of the State's rates are charged in percentage terms. That is, a State’s tax collection depends on the base price, dealer commission and excise duty components, whereas the Centre’s is not.
