Plants may have originated on Earth a hundred million years earlier than thought, according to a study that may change the perceptions of the evolution of our planet’s biosphere. For the first four billion years of Earth’s history, our planet’s continents would have been devoid of all life except microbes.
All of this changed with the origin of land plants from their pond scum relatives, greening the continents and creating habitats that animals would later invade. The timing of this episode has previously relied on the oldest fossil plants which are about 420 million years old.
The new study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , indicates that these events actually occurred a hundred million years earlier than thought.
Biogeochemical cycle
Plants are major contributors to the chemical weathering of continental rocks, a key process in the carbon cycle that regulates Earth’s atmosphere and climate over millions of years.
Researchers from University of Bristol in the UK used ‘molecular clock’ methodology, which combined evidence on the genetic differences between living species and fossil constraints on the age of their shared ancestors, to establish an evolutionary timescale that sees through the gaps in the fossil record.
“The global spread of plants and their adaptations to life on land, led to an increase in continental weathering rates that ultimately resulted in a dramatic decrease the levels of the ‘greenhouse gas’ carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global cooling,” said Jennifer Morris, from the University of Bristol. “Previous attempts to model these changes in the atmosphere have accepted the plant fossil record at face value — our research shows that these fossil ages underestimate the origins of land plants, and so these models need to be revised.”
“The fossil record is too sparse and incomplete to be a reliable guide to date the origin of land plants,” said Mark Puttick from University of Bristol. “Instead of relying on the fossil record alone, we used a ‘molecular clock’ approach to compare differences in the make-up of genes of living species — these relative genetic differences were then converted into ages by using the fossil ages as a loose framework.”
Geological period
“Our results show the ancestor of land plants was alive in the middle Cambrian Period, which was similar to the age for the first known terrestrial animals,” said Puttick.
One difficulty in the study is that the relationships between the earliest land plants are not known. Researchers explored if different relationships changed the estimated origin time for land plants.
“We used different assumptions on the relationships between land plants and found this did not impact the age of the earliest land plants,” they said. “Any future attempts to model atmospheric changes in deep-time must incorporate the full range of uncertainties we have used here.”
