Backswing
On plane: The golf club has a lie angle when kept flat on the ground. That’s the reason why the golf club is swung in an angular plane. Swinging the club on plane is imperative for solid contacts and straighter shots. An ideal swing-plane visual is a hula-hoop matching the lie angle of the club.
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Vertical: This is a problem with many accomplished players. An incorrect shoulder turn or an early hinging of the wrist causes a player to move the shaft very vertically on the back swing. Good players generally compensate this by shallowing out on the downswing.
Downswing
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Over the top: Most golfers that take the club back under the plane tend to return it over the plane or, in other words, over the top, causing huge slices or pulled shots. An over the top swing does not necessarily cause deep divots or a steep angle of approach.
Stuck behind: Most low handicappers and accomplished players suffer from this problem. They tend to take the club back too vertically and then have to re-route to an in-to-out path, causing pushed shots or big hooks. The hands tend to get overactive when the shaft is below the plane on the downswing, causing loss of club-head control.