In India, English is like one of those damp squib crackers that tend to explode in your face. Sometimes, the faces are literary, as in the exchange between Salman Rushdie and the renowned Marathi writer, Bhalchandra Nemade, in 2015. More often, the faces are political, such as that of Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, who was recently in the news for castigating English as a “disease” left behind by the British.
Actually, Mr. Naidu was misrepresented by many. Even though he was speaking on the occasion of Hindi Divas at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi and he espoused the cause of Hindi as a national language, he had in mind other Indian languages too. Mr. Naidu reportedly said that “all Indian languages” are “vibrant” and there are many other Indian languages which “are older and more vibrant than Hindi”. So, it was not, as his critics made it sound, a question of Hindi triumphalism. He was talking of Indian mother tongues in general, and excluding English from that category. To an extent, he had a point, though one can object that English is the mother tongue of at least some Anglo-Indians all over the country, and probably some other Indians in the far eastern States. Still, the fact remains that English is rarely a mother tongue in India, though it is often a first language.
A nationally cohesive force
For instance, it is definitely not my mother tongue, though my mother can speak it with some effort. However, it is by far my first language — partly because I studied all my school subjects, except Hindi and Sanskrit, in English, and partly because the petty political squabbles between Hindi and Urdu left me alienated from both. Apart from, perhaps, the question of aptitude.
Incidentally, moving from the personal to the public, critics of English overlook the neutralising and nationally cohesive force that English exerts on linguistic rivalries within India — enabling equivalent commerce between, say, educated Tamil, Hindi and Bangla speakers without their having to face a potentially irksome Hindi monopoly in U.P., Tamil monopoly in Tamil Nadu, or Bangla monopoly in West Bengal. Take English out of that matrix and we will be faced with more divisive linguistic politics in the States.
Though many cosmopolitan critics took umbrage at Mr. Naidu’s dismissal of English, I agree with his call to pay more attention to our mother tongues such as Tamil, Bangla, Hindi and Marathi, spoken by millions. There is nothing wrong about such a call. Where Mr. Naidu, and many others, go wrong is by turning this call into an ‘either-or’ issue — either we pay attention to English or we pay attention to other Indian languages. This is not how the matter should stand. If English is a ‘disease’ left behind by the British, then it is an advantageous disease: it has enabled the educated Indian middle class to be internationally competitive without any extra effort by the Indian government. In the pure sciences, medicine, engineering, literature, history, and so on, the easy access that a few million privileged Indians have to English texts has been converted into useful capital. The Chinese, for instance, realised this a bit later, and have done much to catch up in the last two decades.
Last year, I was a guest professor at the University of Leeds in the U.K. Some days, when I left my office in their School of English, I felt that I was back in Beijing or at least Hong Kong: there were so many Chinese students on the streets. Some of them were studying English; many of them were on scholarships provided by the Chinese government and Chinese foundations.
Indians have an edge
The Chinese have realised a basic fact. There is always a first language of specialised communication. In the ancient Indian past, it was Sanskrit, though other languages — often referred to as Prakrit — were spoken by the masses. In medieval Europe, it was Latin; in much of medieval Asia, it was Persian. These ‘proto-global’ languages did not lead to the death of other languages. Instead, they enabled the exchange of knowledge, thought, ideas. Today English is the global language, for better and for worse, and the British inadvertently gave Indians an edge here.
Unfortunately, we are more busy diagnosing the diseases of the past than taking advantage of their after-effects in the present. Not just the Chinese, but various other peoples are catching up, even as we Indians consciously weaken our head start in English. In Denmark, for instance, English is compulsory from the primary classes onwards, and Denmark is an affluent, one-language country that can easily afford translations in Danish. This is the case in most of Europe, even in countries with strong linguistic nationalisms. Some educationists in Europe even argue that learning English will soon not give you an advantage, as every educated world citizen will be reasonably fluent in it. They propose that ambitious schools should teach other major languages — Arabic, Spanish, French, Hindi, Chinese — along with English, and, of course, the national or regional language.
As I said, this is not an ‘either-or’ matter. English needs to be used along with other Indian languages, and vice versa. We will deprive only ourselves if we turn it into an ‘either-or’ issue.
