Kenya's defeated presidential candidate Raila Odinga vowed on Tuesday to pursue "all constitutional and legal options" after rejecting the outcome of elections that awarded victory to his rival William Ruto.
The 77-year-old veteran politician branded the result of the August 9 race a "travesty" but stopped short of explicitly announcing that he would mount a challenge at the Supreme Court.
"What we saw yesterday (Monday) was a travesty and a blatant disregard of the consitution and the laws of Kenya," he told a press conference in Nairobi, blaming the head of the commission that oversaw the poll.
"I do not want to fully address our strategies going forward but... we will be pursuing all constitutional and legal options available to us."
Narrow loss
Mr. Odinga narrowly lost his fifth bid for the top job to Deputy President Ruto, who was proclaimed president-elect Monday after a nail-biting wait for results.
His supporters had cried foul over the outcome, which also triggered divisions in the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), which issued the results.
The poll's aftermath is being keenly watched as a test of democratic maturity in the East African powerhouse, where past elections have been tarnished by claims of rigging and bloodshed.
Mr. Odinga lost by around 2,30,000 votes despite the support of his old foe, the outgoing President Uhuru Kenyatta, and the weight of the ruling party machinery behind him.
No presidential poll outcome has gone uncontested in Kenya since 2002, and Mr. Odinga says he was already cheated of victory in the 2007, 2013 and 2017 elections.
In August 2017, the Supreme Court annulled the election after Mr. Odinga rejected a Kenyatta victory. Dozens of people were killed by police in post-poll protests.
Kenya's worst electoral violence occurred after the 2007 vote, when more than 1,100 people died in bloodletting between rival tribes.
On the campaign trail, both frontrunners pledged to resolve any disputes in court rather than on the streets.
Violent protests
Violent protests nevertheless erupted in Mr. Odinga's strongholds in Nairobi slums and the lakeside city of Kisumu on Monday evening, although the situation was calm on Tuesday.
Mr. Odinga on Tuesday commended his supporters "for remaining calm and keeping the peace".
"Let no-one take the law into their own hands," he said.
Weary Kenyans, already struggling with a severe cost of living crisis, say they just want to get on with their lives.
"I don't think we need to protest. We need to fend for our families. Protests are expensive. It can even cost you your life," said Bernard Isedia, a 32-year-old taxi driver and father of two who voted for Mr. Odinga.
"Life has to return to normal," he said.
"Raila Odinga should come out and tell people to calm down. His word alone will calm this country down."
Mr. Ruto, the 55-old Deputy President who was banished to the sidelines after Mr. Kenyatta's pact with Mr. Odinga, was conciliatory in his victory speech on Monday.
"I will work with all leaders in Kenya so that we can fashion a country that leaves nobody behind," Mr. Ruto said, pledging to run a "transparent, democratic, open government".
"There is no room for vengeance."
The race remained unpredictable to the end, with Mr. Ruto scoring 50.49% of the vote compared to 48.85% for Mr. Odinga, IEBC chairman Wafula Chebukati said.
But in an extraordinary move shortly before the announcement, four of the IEBC's seven commissioners disowned the results.
Vice chair Julia Cherera said at a press conference on Tuesday that the aggregated percentages of the votes for the four presidential candidates was 100.01% — a "mathematical absurdity".
Analysts however said the discrepancy could be explained by rounding up the percentages.
The IEBC had faced intense pressure to produce a clean and transparent vote after facing stinging criticism over its handling of the annulled 2017 election.
Mr. Chebukati, who was IEBC boss in 2017, insisted he had carried out his duties according to the law of the land despite "intimidation and harassment".
Zaynab Mohamed, political analyst at Oxford Economics, said Mr. Odinga lost despite the odds being stacked in his favour.
"He essentially had all the support he needed to secure a victory, except that of majority of the people," she added.
Any challenge must be made within seven days to the Supreme Court, which then has 14 days to issue a ruling. If it orders an annulment, a new vote must be held within 60 days.
If there is no court petition, Mr. Ruto will take the oath of office in two weeks' time, becoming the fifth President since independence.
But he will inherit a country burdened with soaring prices, a crippling drought that has left millions hungry, endemic corruption and disenchantment with the political elite.
