Technology is often touted as a solution to the world’s environmental challenges, but it is also part of the problem: industry executives are facing rising pressure to clean up their energy and resource-intensive business.
How much energy, for example, does it take to send a one-megabyte email?
Around 25 watts per hour, representing 20 grammes of carbon dioxide emissions, according to France’s CNRS research centre.
It might not seem like much, but the Radicati research group expects 293 billion emails will be sent every single day this year and the power needs to be generated — mostly from fossil fuels.
Apps can quickly drain and shorten the life of phone batteries, with Snapchat a particularly “heavy” messaging service because it automatically turns on the camera.
Then there are the server farms crunching mammoth amounts of data worldwide, which require huge amounts of electricity both to run and to power airconditioning which keeps the equipment from getting too hot.
“Under the current global energy mix, the share of greenhouse gas emissions from information and communication technologies will rise from 2.5% in 2013 to 4% in 2020,” the French think-tank Shift Project said in a recent report.
That makes the sector more carbon-intensive than civil aviation (a 2% share of emissions in 2018) and on track to reach automobiles (8%), it said.
‘Huge impact’
In February, Greenpeace warned about the concentration of data centres, in particular those used by Amazon, in the U.S. state of Virginia, which reportedly help transmit 70% of the world’s internet traffic.
To cope with the voracious energy needs, the local power company Dominion turned to non-renewable fuel sources — drawing the ire of tech firms.
Most have pledged to use as much “clean” energy from wind farms or other sources as possible, with Facebook signing a partnership with Greenpeace several years ago.
“Our use of data, videos and streaming, the cloud, it’s invisible to us but it can have a huge impact and require a use of non-renewable energies in a way that would surprise a lot of people,” said Gary Cook, an IT campaigner at Greenpeace.
“Given this rapid growth, in numbers and size, decisions on electricity sources is becoming absolutely critical,” he said.
The surge in video and streaming services poses a particular challenge: already in 2017 Greenpeace estimated that the viral K-pop sensation Gangnam Style , viewed more than 2.7 billion times, had consumed a year’s worth of production from a small nuclear power plant.
Video streaming now accounts for nearly 60% of all “downstream” internet traffic from servers to individual devices, with Netflix alone generating 15%, according to an October report from U.S. network analysis and services group Sandvine.
Music services also take a toll. In 2000, researchers at the Universities of Glasgow and Oslo found that greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. music industry alone stood at 157 million kg in 2000.
Recycling costs
But by 2016, even as the use of plastics for CDs and their cases plummeted, the storage and sharing of online music files in the US generated between 200 million and 350 million kilograms of greenhouse emissions.
Tech executives say they’re taking action to shrink their environmental footprints.
Carole Marechal of DATA4, which operates data centres in France, Italy and Luxembourg, said her clients can get real-time readings of how much energy and water they are using, as well as their share of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Basel Action Network NGO estimates that the European Union exports some 3,50,000 tonnes of electronic and electrical waste (a category that also includes appliances like washing machines) to developing countries each year.
Activists have denounced the practice, saying it burdens poor countries with toxic residues that eventually contaminate the local environment.
The race to extract the rare-earth metals essential for modern phones and other devices, often leading to deforestation and water pollution, is also an environmental threat in Africa and Asia in particular.
