The London’s Great Smog event of 1952 — five December days when a thick layer of smog covered the city — likely still affects some people’s health more than 60 years later, according to scientists including one of Indian origin.
London’s Great Smog of 1952 resulted in thousands of premature deaths and even more people becoming ill.
The five December days the smog lasted may have also resulted in thousands more cases of childhood and adult asthma.
Researchers from Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, the University of California, San Diego and University of Massachusetts in the U.S. studied how London’s Great Smog affected early childhood health and the long-term health consequences.
Health hangover
The results, based on health data from the 1940s and 50s, showed that the Great Smog event of 1952 likely still affects some people’s health more than 60 years later.
Matthew Neidell, associate professor at the Mailman School of Public Health, and colleagues noted that the Great Smog presents a “natural experiment” because the smog was intense “exceeding current regulations and guidelines by a factor of 5 to 23“; localised to a major city; and unanticipated.
“Because the smog was unexpected, residents likely did not leave the city,” said Prashant Bharadwaj, associate professor at the University of California, San Diego.
2,916 responses analysed
The researchers analysed 2,916 responses to a life history survey. Among other health questions, the survey asked participants if they had asthma as a child (up to age 15) or asthma as an adult.
Responses of those who were exposed to the Great Smog in utero or in early childhood were compared with those born between 1945 and 1955 who lived outside of London during the Great Smog or lived in London but were not exposed to the smog in utero or in their first years of life.
The results showed that exposure to the Great Smog in the first year of life was associated with a statistically 20 per cent increased incident of childhood asthma.
The researchers said they found a non-significant, but similar trend between exposure to the smog in the first year of life and adult asthma (a 9.5 per cent increase) and in utero exposure and childhood asthma (8 per cent increase).
Confounding factors
A number of studies examine the relationship between early childhood exposure to air pollutants and the development of asthma but can only determine an association, not a cause-and-effect relationship, because there may be confounding factors that are overlooked or not fully accounted for in the analysis, researchers said.
Given that there is no evidence of another event simultaneous with the Great Smog that might affect asthma incidence, they add, their study overcomes the issue of confounding and “suggests a strong possibility of a causal link between early childhood exposure to air pollution and the later development of asthma.”
The research appears in the Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine .
