The eurozone is almost certainly entering a recession, with surveys on Monday showing a deepening cost-of-living crisis and a gloomy outlook that is keeping consumers wary of spending.
While there was some easing of price pressures, according to the surveys, they remained high and the European Central Bank is under pressure as inflation is running at more than four times its 2% target, reaching a record 9.1% last month.
It faces the prospect of raising interest rates aggressively just as the economy enters a downturn.
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A rise in borrowing costs would add to the woes of indebted consumers, yet in a Reuters poll, last week almost half of the economists surveyed said they expect an unprecedented 75 basis-point rate hike from the ECB this week, while almost as many forecast a 50 bps hike.
Despite those expectations, the euro dropped below 99 U.S. cents for the first time in 20 years on Monday after Russia said gas supply down its main pipeline to Europe would stay shut indefinitely.
Gas prices on the continent soared as much as 30% on Monday, stoking fears of shortages and reinforcing expectations for a recession and a bitter winter as businesses and households are battered by sky-high energy prices.
S&P Global's final composite Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI), seen as a guide to economic health, fell to an 18-month low of 48.9 in August from July's 49.9, below a preliminary 49.2 estimate. Anything below 50 indicates contraction.
"The PMI surveys signal that the euro area is entering recession earlier than we previously thought, led by its largest economy Germany, and we now see the euro area 'enjoying' a longer, three-quarter recession," said Peter Schaffrik at the Royal Bank of Canada.
"The revision is mainly due to developments in energy prices which, even after retreating over recent days, remain elevated and which mean that the impact on household spending will be larger than we hitherto anticipated."
That prospect of recession whacked investor morale in the currency union and it slumped in September to its lowest since May 2020, another survey showed.
Services activity in Germany, Europe's largest economy, contracted for a second month running in August as domestic demand came under pressure from soaring inflation and faltering confidence, earlier figures showed.
Its economy is on track to contract for three consecutive quarters starting from this one, a Reuters poll suggested last week.
In France, the euro zone's second-largest economy, the services sector lost more steam and only managed to eke out modest growth with purchasing managers saying the outlook was bleak.
The Italian services industry returned to modest growth but in Spain activity expanded at the slowest rate since January, with companies concerned inflation would weigh on their profits and on customers' demand.
In Britain, the economy ended August on a much weaker footing than previously thought as overall business activity contracted for the first time since February 2021 in a clear signal of recession, its PMI showed.
In Asia, surveys showed a strong rebound in China's services sector eased slightly amid fresh COVID-19 flare-ups, while in Japan the sector contracted for the first time in five months.
However, India's dominant services industry grew faster than expected last month thanks to a solid expansion in demand and a continued easing in cost pressures.
