A giant penguin foot-bone discovered in New Zealand shows that the ancestors of everyone’s favourite flightless bird waddled Earth during the age of dinosaurs, researchers have found.
Before an asteroid wiped out non-avian dinosaurs some 65.5 million years ago, in other words, super-sized penguins breathed the same air as Triceratops and the flesh-ripping Tyrannosaurus .
The new find, unearthed by an amateur fossil hunter near the Waipara River in New Zealand, does not by itself prove penguin-dinosaur cohabitation.
The eight-centimetre bone dates from about 61 million years ago, well after Tyrannosaurus Rex and company faded from the scene.
Strong evidence
But the existence of another giant penguin fossil, found earlier nearby, is smoking-gun evidence that a shared ancestor lived millions of years earlier.
“The two penguins — from exactly the same locality — are morphologically quite different,” said Gerald Mayr, an ornithologist at Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, and lead author of a study unveiling the discovery.
“This suggests that their last common ancestor lived much earlier, in the time of dinosaurs,” he said.
This mother-of-all-penguins probably pre-dated its evolutionary descendants by five to 10 million years, which would have put it squarely in the late Cretaceous period when dinosaurs still flourished, he added.
The results were published in the journal The Science of Nature .
Early penguins probably survived the catastrophic asteroid blast and subsequent change in climate because they their food sources were more surf than turf.
By contrast, land-locked dinosaurs that didn’t burn up at impact probably starved to death during the decades-long winter that followed, scientists conjecture.
150-cm tall
The Waipara giant penguin stood at least 150 centimetres tall, just shy of the average height of a female human. That’s at least a head taller than the Emperor penguin, the largest of the 17 penguin species — all in the southern hemisphere, and most in Antarctica — alive today. “It was probably a separate species,” said Mr. Mayr. But more bones must be found before it can be declared as such, and formally named.
Only one other prehistoric penguin that lived in Antarctica between 45 and 33 million years ago, Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi , was bigger than Waipara.
All the ancient, giant penguins discovered to date already moved with the upright, waddling gait characteristic of today’s species, the study said.
