Ray Bradbury, the science fiction master who transformed his childhood dreams and Cold War fears into telepathic Martians, lovesick sea monsters and the high-tech, book-burning future of Fahrenheit 451, has died. He was 91.
Mr. Bradbury died Tuesday night, his daughter said on Wednesday.
Although slowed in recent years by a stroke that meant he had to use a wheelchair, Mr. Bradbury remained active, turning out new novels, plays, screenplays and a volume of poetry. He wrote every day and appeared from time to time at bookstores, public library fundraisers and other literary events around Los Angeles.
“What I have always been is a hybrid author,” Mr. Bradbury said in 2009. “I am completely in love with movies, and I am completely in love with theatre, and I am completely in love with libraries.”
Mr. Bradbury broke through in 1950 with The Martian Chronicles, a series of intertwined stories that satirised capitalism, racism and superpower tensions as it portrayed Earth colonisers destroying an idyllic Martian civilisation.
Like Arthur C. Clarke's Childhood's End and the Robert Wise film The Day the Earth Stood Still, Mr. Bradbury's book was a Cold War morality tale in which imagined lives on other planets serve as commentary on human behaviour on Earth. The Martian Chronicles has been published in more than 30 languages, was made into a TV miniseries and inspired a computer game.
The Martian Chronicles prophesied the banning of books, especially works of fantasy, a theme Mr. Bradbury would take on fully in the 1953 release, Fahrenheit 451. Inspired by the Cold War, the rise of television and the author's passion for libraries, it was an apocalyptic narrative of nuclear war abroad and empty pleasure at home, with firefighters assigned to burn books instead of putting blazes out (451 degrees Fahrenheit, Mr. Bradbury had been told, was the temperature at which texts went up in flames).
It was Mr. Bradbury's only true science-fiction work, according to the author, who said all his other works should have been classified as fantasy. “It was a book based on real facts and also on my hatred for people who burn books,” he told The Associated Press in 2002.
A futuristic classic often taught alongside George Orwell's 1984 and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, Mr. Bradbury's novel anticipated iPods, interactive television, electronic surveillance and live, sensational media events, including televised police pursuits.
Francois Truffaut directed a 1966 movie version, and the book's title was referenced without Mr. Bradbury's permission, the author complained for Michael Moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9-11.
Although involved in many futuristic projects, including the New York World's Fair of 1964 and the Spaceship Earth display at Walt Disney World in Florida, Mr. Bradbury was deeply attached to the past. He refused to drive a car or fly, telling the AP that witnessing a fatal traffic accident as a child left behind a permanent fear of automobiles. In his younger years, he got around by bicycle or roller skates.
“I'm not afraid of machines,” he told Writer's Digest in 1976. “I don't think the robots are taking over. I think the men who play with toys have taken over. And if we don't take the toys out of their hands, we're fools.”
Mr. Bradbury's literary style was honed in pulp magazines and influenced by Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe, and he became the rare science fiction writer treated seriously by the literary world. In 2007, he received a special Pulitzer Prize citation “for his distinguished, prolific and deeply influential career as an unmatched author of science fiction and fantasy.” Seven years earlier, he received an honorary National Book Award medal for lifetime achievement, an honour given to Philip Roth and Arthur Miller, among others.
“Everything I've done is a surprise, a wonderful surprise,” Mr. Bradbury said during his acceptance speech in 2000. “I sometimes get up at night when I can't sleep and walk down into my library and open one of my books and read a paragraph and say, ‘My God, did I write that? Did I write that?', because it's still a surprise.”
Other honors included an Academy Award nomination for an animated film, Icarus Montgolfier Wright, and an Emmy for his teleplay of The Halloween Tree. His fame even extended to the moon, where Apollo astronauts named a crater “Dandelion Crater,” in honour of Dandelion Wine, his beloved coming-of-age novel, and an asteroid was named 9766 Bradbury.
Born Ray Douglas Bradbury on Aug. 22, 1920, in Illinois, the author once described himself as “that special freak, the man with the child inside who remembers all.”
Nightmares that plagued him as a boy also stocked his imagination, as did his youthful delight with the Buck Rogers and Tarzan comic strips, early horror films, Tom Swift adventure books and the works of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells.
“The great thing about my life is that everything I've done is a result of what I was when I was 12 or 13,” he said in 1982.
Mr. Bradbury's family moved to Los Angeles in 1934. He became a movie buff and a voracious reader. “I never went to college, so I went to the library,” he explained.
Few writers could match the inventiveness of his plots — a boy outwits a vampire by stuffing him with silver coins; a dinosaur mistakes a fog horn for a mating call (filmed as The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms); Hemingway is flown back to life on a time machine. In The Illustrated Man, one of his most famous stories, a man's tattoo foretells a horrifying deed he will murder his wife.
A dynamic speaker with a booming, distinctive voice, he could be blunt and gruff. But Mr. Bradbury was also gregarious and friendly, approachable in public and often generous with his time to readers as well as fellow writers. In 2009, at a lecture celebrating the first anniversary of a small library in Southern California's San Gabriel Valley, Mr. Bradbury exhorted his listeners to live their lives as he said he had lived his — “Do what you love and love what you do.”
“If someone tells you to do something for money, tell them to go to hell,” he shouted to raucous applause.
Until near the end of his life, Mr. Bradbury resisted one of the innovations he helped anticipate — electronic books, likening them to burnt metal and urging readers to stick to the old-fashioned pleasures of ink and paper. But in late 2011, as the rights to Fahrenheit 451 were up for renewal, he gave in and allowed his most famous novel to come out in digital form. In return, he received a great deal of money and a special promise from Simon & Schuster — The publisher agreed to make the e-book available to libraries, the only Simon & Schuster e-book at the time that library patrons were allowed to download.
Mr. Bradbury is survived by his four daughters. Marguerite Bradbury, his wife of 56 years, died in 2003.
