Unemployment, skyrocketing prices and other governance-related problems are not the failures of the Indian higher education system
This is in response to Justice Markandey Katju’s article that appeared in The Hindu on September 3, 2012, entitled “Professor, teach thyself.” At the outset, let me say that a number of issues that he has raised in his article are justifiable criticisms of India’s higher education system and hence deserve further discussion even if one were to ignore the highly condescending tone of the article. However, Justice Katju’s arguments also suffer from several serious logical and substantive flaws.
He is critical of the fact that while a great amount of money is pumped into the higher education sector in India, money spent on primary education is negligible. It is the latter sector that needs resources, he argues, because the huge amounts of money spent on higher education in the country are “for the benefit of foreign countries.” Even if one were to buy this highly skewed and factually incorrect argument, one is at a loss to understand how the “professors” are responsible for this state of affairs. Surely, it is not the university fraternity that makes decisions regarding budgetary allocation in this country. Just because the government’s policies do not prioritise primary education, it does not follow that we stop funding the higher education sector; that is indeed a curious argument. Funding the country’s primary education sector, which is indeed a priority, need not be at the cost of India’s higher education sector.
The ‘state-of-the-art’ myth
On the one hand, he argues that the Indian university system should produce Nobel laureates and “Fellows of the Royal Society,” emulating the universities in advanced countries such as Australia. On the other, he also complains about the Rs.150 crore that is annually given to universities like Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). He also complains about the “state-of-the-art” campuses and “air-conditioning” provided to institutions of higher education in India. Has Justice Katju ever made an effort to inquire about the facilities and infrastructure available in western universities?
Most universities in India still do not have access to the latest journals; and when we think of “state of the art facilities,” we only have in mind clean toilets, and electricity to run our computers. The fact is that most Indian universities do not have the funds to air-condition lecture halls or provide air-conditioning even in the chambers of senior professors; that is certainly the case in JNU. I wonder if Justice Katju would be able to work out of a non-air-conditioned office and lecture in furnace-like lecture halls for hours together in Delhi’s sweltering heat!
The ‘highly paid’ myth
Justice Katju writes that the professors are given “huge salaries and fine houses to live in.” This is yet another factually incorrect argument. If he wishes to understand how much professors get paid for their work, he should compare their salaries with the salaries of those holding equivalent ranks in the government or the judiciary. While I tend to agree with the spirit of this argument that a large number of academics do not engage in high-quality research and that their publications are “mostly poor,” I wish to point out that there are several structural reasons why academic research in India may not be policy relevant. Those of us who teach/research international relations or India’s foreign and defence policy, for instance, are aware that the government’s unwillingness to declassify and open its archival records on defence, security and foreign policy matters to public access even after 30 years of a particular policy decision is one of the major reasons why it is almost impossible to produce authoritative academic assessments in these fields. When we do write, policymakers would discard it saying it is inaccurate and speculative, and they are not entirely wrong in saying so. However, if a considerable amount of academic writing in India on foreign policy and national security is widely considered to be based on guesswork, please don’t put the blame entirely on the professors. The government’s archaic secrecy laws have to take part of the blame.
The objective of higher education
I also fail to understand how IIT and IIM professors are to be blamed if their students get employment abroad and prefer to leave India. If anything, the very fact that IIT and IIM products are chased after by the international business houses proves that their professors are actually doing a fine job of giving them world-class education. Moreover, it is patently misleading to suggest that the government should stop funding higher education because of the brain drain from the country.
Finally, there is a larger substantive question that Justice Katju’s article raises. He asks whether the higher education system in India has managed to raise the standard of living of the poor Indian masses who are struggling with massive unemployment, skyrocketing prices, huge problems of health care, housing etc. I have fundamental issues with this line of argument. First of all, massive unemployment, skyrocketing prices and such other governance-related problems are not the failures of the Indian higher education system: these are systemic failures and pinning that on the Indian higher education system is grossly unfair. Second, the primary job of the universities is to teach students and guide their research, not to tell the government how to run the country. Third, even when the universities produce research-based studies on ways of improving various aspects of governance in the country, the government hardly ever takes notice of the research outputs of universities. If the babus don’t listen to the professors, why blame the professors? Finally, Justice Katju’s “instrumental” understanding of education is deeply problematic. He seems to argue that the sole objective of higher education is to help the governance of the country. Going by that argument, any intellectual or academic pursuit that has no direct instrumental value for governing the country is a useless enterprise. Hence, the production, accumulation and transfer of knowledge on philosophy, ancient history, African tribal societies, Victorian drama and aesthetics have to be considered as a waste of time since they don’t contribute to solving governance problems in India!
(Happymon Jacob teaches at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi).
Keywords: Education funding, University Grants Commission, brain drain, higher education system, academic research, governance problems, academic pursuit, foreign policy
I understand that Justice Katju's arguement had some flaws, but even considering those flaws, he has made a point. Very unfortunately, Prof. Jacob failed to see precisely that point, and instead, he launched an attack on his conclusion.
Being from one of the most premier institutes of India, I totally related to Justice Katju's insights. I have experienced severe lack in interest in research field of my peers (me being no exception), and my respected teachers and professors are partly to be blamed for it. If students are going abroad, again our teachers share a partial arraignment, because somewhere down the line, they are also responsible for it. This may not very apparent in the cursory glance, but peeling the onion reveals these fundamental foibles in our education system.
To see all this, one has to detach himself (emotionally) from his field, and look at things objectively. Which is what Justice Katju did.
Mr. jacob has rightly explained on the part of teachers.
But the very question Jutice katju raised was not to stop funding of higher education,But also to invest on primary education too.
It is not a myth,but a fact "teaching in india is prefrable job beacuse nothing to do much".
Mr.Jacob Just dont ask or compare the facilities in foreign universities,please tell us the level of education our professors delivering as compare to them.
Being a responsible student and citizen of India i ask all the teaches ,how many of them are doing justice with their job??
Number would be very less,
Acadmia has a responsiblity to tell the Govenrment and policy makers about the need of the hour and ways to achieve all those.
How can a professor can say it is not mine job?
I guess the line of argument taken by Justice Katju is based on frustration caused by output generated. The output here is disproportionate allocation of tax payers money between primary and higher education; between some specific institutes and other institutes. The output is also low quality of research and high level of brain drain. However, let us not shoot the messanger. What Justice katju is expressing is a real problem. The harshness of language used is just a measure of inner frustration, which is not without a cause.
Personally however, I am not fully convinced that either his article or this one has provided any solution. What we need is not problem definition but intent of solution.
I would not prefer our academic contributions to be measured by some Nobel prize or Fellowship oe even with the masses' development.
But, can our academicians claim any novel and relevant discovery? I guess, hardly. Why? Because the learning has been tied to money, and Media is a culprit too.
Prof Jacob has very commendable job in bringing out the "Teacher's side" on the ongoing decade.
And thanks are due to the Hindu also, for this section called "Debate@The Hindu."
I would completely agree with Prof Jacob's remark on ex Justice Mr. Katju's condescending remakarks. While most of the points that Mr. Katjus raised were true, in my opinion but, his line of reasoning is flawed.
On the point of quality research, I would like to add a point here, that the infrastructure in our country for research is not quite developed still. Suppose, BARC is working on a new Nuclear reactor design or they want to modify some existing ones, they can do it in their own funded institutions.
But Indian Nuclear programme is counted as one of its successes. What about other fields--electronics for example? Research institutions and industries are not very well connected. It is much easier to bring technology--even lower grade--from outside than to develop in India.
As an earlier M.Tech student of one of the best central universities I would like to ask Jacob, how many Professors really do research once they join Universities. There are many Professors who stop doing active research after initial few years because of their job security and attained fame. Reputed universities get huge funds which are not utilized properly where as small universities starve of funds.
If there is allocation of funds based on original research criteria of individual professors lot of changes will come.
It is very difficult to see Professors like C V Raman, who worked with meager resources, in these higher education institutions. Like all other government jobs Professor jobs are also missing values.
Justice Markandey Katju’s is a self proclaimed genius, who try to comment on each and everything with completely flawed logic. I wouldnt be surprising if history rate him on par with APJ Abdul Kalam. I wonder why Hindu is giving its space to publish article from Katju on the opinion page. Happymon has done a decent job to unearth the myths filled in Katjus article.Thank you Happymon.
Prof. Jacob is correct in saying that Mr. Katju's article had many details wrong and was
condescending and a bit too clever. However, if one looks beyond that and takes from it that
our highly placed academics individually and collectively need to involve themselves in the national debate then there is not much wrong with that view. The academics can' t remain
insular. We need informed and studied input into many, many areas of public life. I
acknowledge that some academics are doing a bit of that but still those are rare cases. Take
the issue of corruption in the country: why are our academics not producing thoughtful and
usable research on this subject at least to raise the level of public discourse on what kinds
of policies would help check this evil. We have some of the best academics like we have
some of the best students. India desperately needs them to help guide the country by
sharing high quality research.
Please Email the Editor