Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan on Monday signed an initial agreement on sharing water from the Nile which runs through the three countries, as Addis Ababa presses ahead with the construction of a massive new dam that it hopes will help alleviate the country’s power shortages.
The dam has been a possible issue of contention among the three nations, threatening to reduce Egypt’s share of the Nile and challenging a colonial-era agreement that had given the rights to exploit the river’s water just to Egypt and Sudan.
But on Monday, leaders of the three nations — Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, Sudanese President Omar Bashir and Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn — welcomed the agreement in speeches in Khartoum’s Republican Palace.
Before signing, they watched a short film about the Grand Renaissance Dam that highlighted how it could benefit the region.
“While you are working for the development of your people, keep in mind the Egyptian people, for whom the Nile is not only a source of water, but a source of life,” Mr. el-Sissi said, addressing his Ethiopian counterpart.
Cairo previously had voiced fears that Ethiopia’s $4.2 billion hydroelectric project, announced in 2011, would diminish its share of the Nile, which provides almost all of the desert nation’s water needs.
The agreement, hashed out by officials from the three countries weeks beforehand in Khartoum, outlines principles by which they will cooperate to use the water fairly and resolve any potential disputes peacefully, leaving the details on specific procedures to be determined later after the release of joint, expert studies.
Until recently, Ethiopia had abided by the colonial-era agreement that gives downstream Egypt and Sudan rights to the Nile's water, with Egypt taking 55.5 billion cubic meters and Sudan 18.5 billion cubic meters of the total of 84 billion cubic meters, with 10 billion lost to evaporation.
That agreement, first signed in 1929, took no account of the eight other nations along the 6,700-km (4,160-mile) river and its basin, which have been agitating for a decade for a more equitable accord.
But in 2013, Ethiopia’s parliament unanimously ratified a new accord that replaced previous deals that awarded Egypt veto powers over Nile projects. They said at the time that work on the dam, some 20 km (12 miles) from Sudan’s eastern border, will continue during consultations with Cairo, and that experts had already agreed that the dam would not significantly affect water flow to both Egypt and Sudan.
In his speech in Khartoum, Mr. el-Sissi said that Egypt was a dry country that used its 55.5 billion cubic meter-share of the water, whereas other countries through which it flowed received much more rainfall.
Some experts have estimated that Egypt could lose as much as 20 percent of its Nile water in the three to five years needed for Ethiopia to fill the dam’s massive reservoir.
