Iraqi forces on Sunday launched an operation to retake the west bank of Mosul, the latest phase of a massive offensive on the jihadist bastion.
Here are the main dates concerning the Islamic State jihadist group in Iraq and Syria:
ISIL created — April 9, 2013
Al-Qaeda in Iraq chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi says that Al-Nusra Front, a jihadist group battling Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's regime, is part of his Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and fighting for an Islamic state in Syria.
A day later, Al-Nusra pledges allegiance to Al-Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri, distancing itself from Baghdadi. Al-Qaeda disavows ISIL in early 2014.
Syria's Raqa falls — January 14, 2014
ISIL conquers the city of Raqa in northern Syria, after fierce fighting with rival rebels. Raqa, the first provincial capital lost completely by the regime, becomes its stronghold.
Iraq's Mosul captured — June 9, 2014
ISIL starts a lightning offensive in northwestern Iraq in which it seizes second city Mosul before sweeping across much of the Sunni Arab heartland bordering of autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan. Tens of thousands of members of the Christian and Yazidi sect flee.
'Caliphate' proclaimed — June 29, 2014
ISIL declares a "caliphate" across the territory it has seized in Iraq and Syria.
They rebrand themselves the Islamic State (IS) and declare their chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi "caliph" and "leader for Muslims everywhere".
US-led coalition — August 8, 2014
US warplanes strike IS positions in northern Iraq in response to an appeal from Baghdad.
September 5: US President Barack Obama vows to build an international coalition to defeat the group.
September 23 : the US and Arab allies launch air strikes on IS in Syria.
IS defeats in Iraq — March 31, 2015
Iraq announces the "liberation" of Tikrit, 160 kilometres (100 miles) north of Baghdad, though fighting in the city continues for days afterwards. Government forces and Shiite militias had begun their offensive on March 2 to oust the group, which had controlled Tikrit for nearly 10 months.
November 13, 2015 Iraqi Kurds announce the recapture of the northern Sinjar region from IS, which had seized it in August 2014.
February 9, 2016: The Sunni town of Ramadi, capital of the Iraqi province of Anbar, is recaptured from the jihadists, who had overrun it the previous May.
June 26: Iraqi forces recapture Fallujah in June 2016 after two and a half years in which the city was outside government control. Anti-government fighters had seized Fallujah at the beginning of 2014 and it became an IS stronghold.
IS losses in Syria — January 26, 2015
IS is driven out of the Syrian border town of Kobane after more than four months of fighting led by Kurdish forces backed by coalition air strikes.
On August 6, 2016 : the Syrian Democratic Forces coalition of Arab and Kurdish fighters backed by US air strikes recaptures the northern Syrian town of Manbij following a two-month battle against IS.
Syrian rebels deal a major symbolic blow to IS in mid-October, recapturing the Syrian town of Dabiq, where the jihadists had promised an apocalyptic battle.
The battle for Mosul — October 17, 2016
A coalition of Iraqi federal and Kurdish forces backed by US-led air support launches an operation to retake Mosul on October 17, 2016.
Three months later, Iraqi forces led by the elite Counter-Terrorism Service retake the east side of the city.
February 19, 2017 : Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi announces the launch of operation to retake the west bank of Mosul, which experts warn could prove even harder than the east.
