QUESTION: In The Hindu dated October 3, 2011, you have stated that where the income from one country is assessed in the other country with which India has Agreement, there are treaty benefits. Amnesty is currently in vogue in U.S. Many taxpayers would like to know, what would be the damage in disclosure of income after Double Tax Relief? Could you answer the following queries?
What are the broad features of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements?
ANSWER: All Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements are not identical. Extent of relief can be decided only with reference to terms of the Agreement and the nature of income. Following are the broad features of an Agreement. (1) The date on which it comes into effect; (2) taxes covered by it; (3) rules for determination of residential status for the purposes of the Agreement; (4) guidelines for inference of permanent establishment in respect of business income and fixed base for professional income; (5) definitions of concepts such as immovable property, dividend, business profits, royalty, technical fees and salaries; (6) extent of relief to be granted on doubly taxed income on agreed tax-sharing between the participants to the Agreement; (7) exchange of information as between the countries primarily to tackle tax evasion and recovery of tax due in one country in the other; (8) provision for non-discrimination and (9) other clauses to suit the requirements of the participating countries.
Q: Is there any difference between the meaning of resident between the domestic law and the Agreement? Is the fact of citizenship in both countries as in the case of NRIs abroad make any difference?
A: Most agreements expect that residential status should be based on location of permanent home or where vital interests are located or where there is a fixed abode or where he is a citizen, in that order. Where no inference could be drawn with reference to these tests, it will be decided by the competent authorities of the Agreement partners.
In the case of a company, place of control and management would decide the residential status, unless the Agreement itself provides for such criteria like place of incorporation so as to avoid enquiry as regards the place of effective management.
In view of differing definitions of resident as between domestic law and the Agreements, it is quite possible that a taxpayer could be resident of one country under the domestic law and resident of the other country under the Agreement.
Citizenship is only a tie-breaker rule accepted in some Agreements where residential status cannot be sorted out by other criteria. NRIs, who have acquired citizenship abroad, do not have any immunity, which is not available to others.
Q: What is the difference between avoidance of double taxation and relief from double taxation?
A: There are both provisions of avoidance and relief depending upon the categorisation of income. Income and capital gains from immovable properties are ordinarily taxable in the country where the immovable property is located so that the other country cannot tax the same, though the owner of such income is a permanent resident of that other country.
Interest and dividend are taxable in the country where such income arises usually at 10 per cent as provided in the Agreements. Where same income is also taxable in the other country of which the enterprise is resident, credit for the tax paid (at 10 per cent) in the other country is available for set-off of tax on such income. It is a case of revenue sharing by treating these categories of income in the specified manner as between the two countries, irrespective of domestic law in either country. It is also an instance of “avoidance principle” in case of overlapping jurisdiction, irrespective of liability under domestic law. Royalty and technical fees are also similarly taxed at the specified rate.
Salaries are usually taxed with reference to the period of stay on the principle that salary income arises, where service is rendered, whether he is a resident or non-resident.
This is yet another application of avoidance principle. Business is taxed in the country where business is carried on, but it will also be taxed in the country where the enterprise has a permanent establishment to the extent such income is attributable to permanent establishment. But such tax paid will be set off against the tax payable in the country of which the enterprise is resident. Relief for double taxation by such set off is available only in the home country where the enterprise or the individual is a resident within the meaning of the Agreement.
Ordinarily, such relief is limited to the lesser of the two incomes, where computation of income results in different incomes with credit available at lesser of the two rates of taxes, so that the assessee is left with tax payable at the higher rate on the larger income.
The same principle applies for income from profession, which is taxed in the country on income earned through fixed base.
Relief in such a case has to await completion of assessment in the other country, unlike other instances covered by avoidance principle. Agreements usually make special provision for entertainers, students and pensioners.
Q: If a person is not entitled to any double income-tax relief, but he does not choose to claim such relief, should he report his income in the other country, where the income does not arise?
A: Report of foreign income is a matter of stipulation under the law, where an income-tax return is required to be filed.
In countries like India or the U.S., every income within its borders is bound to be reported and so is the global income abroad by residents under the domestic law. Information relating to income outside the country can always be obtained by the tax collector, through the provision for exchange of information under the Agreement, special agreements which India now has with some countries under Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) or by enquiry through its embassies or even by purchase of information from informants or other third parties. It is not advisable for the taxpayer having income in more than one country to bank upon international boundaries as securing secrecy to avoid payment of legitimate tax. Since relief is available under Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement and unilateral relief is available even where there is no Agreement, liability, if any, may not be as large as apprehended, so that it is unwise to play hide and seek with the tax collector.
